Engineered magnetic plant biobots for nerve agent removal

Biohybrid micro/nanorobots that integrate biological entities with artificial nanomaterials have shown great potential in the field of biotechnology. However, commonly used physical hybridization approaches can lead to blockages and damage to biological interfaces, impeding the optimal exploitation of natural abilities. Here, we show that magnetically propelled plant biobots (MPBs), employing tomato-callus cultivation engineering in the presence of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs), are capable of active movement and directional guidance under a transversal rotating magnetic field. The Fe₃O₄ NPs were transported through the cell growth media and then taken up into the plant tissue cells (PTCs), imparting the plant biobot with magnetic function. Moreover, Fe ions support the growth of callus cells, resulting in nanoparticle incorporation and enabling faster growth and structurally compact texture. The magnetic plant biobots demonstrated rapid and efficient removal of chlorpyrifos (approximately 80%), a hazardous nerve gas agent that causes severe acute toxicity, and recovery using an external magnetic field. The eco-friendly plant biobots described here demonstrate their potential in biomedical and environmental applications.